Information Gain By People Through Media Related To Laws Governing In Stock Market

The media is a snapshot of our culture, depicting what and how society functions. The only medium that aids in informing people is media, whether it is written, electronic, or on the internet. It also aids in entertaining the public, as well as educating and informing people about current events. The media has evolved into our society's voice.While most people have no direct information about stock market, the media has a significant impact on public attitudes and actions. The stock market is a significant participant in the financial sector, which is made up of both small and large businesses. Therefore, it becomes important to control the markets in order to protect investors' interests as well as those of the business sector. Additionally, the stock market is exposed, which hurts the public's overall interest. As a result, a number of laws have been enacted to safeguard investors and guarantee a just exchange of business ownership in free markets. Purpose: The majority of people have erroneous perceptions of laws related to stock market. They are informed of stock market through the media. The aim of this paper is to give information about laws and regulations through media to a society. Because most individuals are unaware of the laws and regulations pertaining to the stock market. ThroughNeed: media people are aware about laws and regulations of stock market.Methodology: The study based on secondary data.

Quality assurance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests: An aid in malaria elimination

Background & objectives: India targets malaria elimination by 2030 in a phased manner, so malaria’s assured diagnosis is crucial. Introduction of rapid diagnostic kits in India in 2010 has revolutionized malaria surveillance. The storage temperature of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), kit components and handling in transportations impact the results of RDTs. Therefore, quality assurance (QA) is required before it reaches end-users. The Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR) has a World Health Organization (WHO) recognized lot-testing laboratory facility to assure the quality of RDTs. Methods: The ICMR-NIMR receives RDTs from different manufacturing companies as well as various agencies such as National and State Programmes and Central Medical Services Society. The WHO standard protocol is followed to conduct all the tests, including long-term and post-dispatch testing. Results: A total of 323 lots tested during January 2014-March 2021 were received from different agencies. Amongst them, 299 lots passed the quality of test and 24 failed. In long-term testing, 179 lots were tested and only nine failed. A total of 7741 RDTs were received from end-users for post-dispatch testing of which 7540 qualified the QA test with a score of 97.4 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: RDTs received for quality testing showed compliance with QA evaluation of malaria RDTs based on the protocol recommended by the WHO. However, continuous monitoring of the quality of RDTs is required under QA programme. Quality-assured RDTs have a major role, especially in areas where low parasitaemia of parasites persists.

Unilateral Purtscher-like retinopathy post-COVID-19

A 32-year-old male with no known systemic illness presented with unilateral Purtscher-like retinopathy in his left eye 2 weeks after recovering from a severe COVID-19 infection. Fundus examination revealed areas of intraretinal whitening and few cotton wool spots. Multimodal imaging findings were consistent with embolic occlusion of capillaries seen in Purtscher-like retinopathy. The case highlights the effect of virus-directed coagulation cascade activation leading to unilateral microvasculopathy in our patient. The case adds to the spectrum of COVID-19 retinopathy and presses that retina screening strategies should be established for patients suffering from or recovering from severe COVID-19 infection.

Retinal vasoocclusive spectrum following COVID-19

The coagulation abnormalities and thromboembolic complications of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are now a well-established fact. The hypercoagulable state, the tendency for thromboembolism, and a cytokine surge state have been the exclusive reasons for multiorgan failure and other morbidities that have been regularly reported in COVID-19 patients. Ocular involvement in patients with active disease and those who have recovered is uncommon but not rare. We report a case series of four patients with CRVO, BRVO, CRAO, and vitreous hemorrhage in patients with proven COVID-19 infection and no other systemic ailments. The case series also tries to correlate the elevated D-dimer values, which signify a plausible prothrombotic state with the vaso-occlusive phenomenon in the retina leading to significant visual morbidity.

Opinions, Attitudes, and Prescribing Practices of Oral Contraceptive Pills of General Practitioners and Gynecologists in India

Background:To study the prescription behavior of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) by physicians, gynecologists, and alternative medicine practitioners (AMPs). Materials and Methods?Close-ended questionnaire-based cross-section study was performed between 1st September 2012 and 28th February 2014 in three groups of responders, i.e., AMP, general medical practitioners (GMPs), and obstetricians and gynecologists (ObGy). A stratified random cluster sample was used. Data of 400 subjects in all three groups were obtained using both univariate and multi-variate sophisticated statistical analyses for analyzing attitude and practices and were recorded on an ordinal scale using appropriate non-parametric test. Results?Of the 1,237 subjects surveyed, 400 completed questionnaires were received from each of the three groups viz; AMPs, GMPs, and ObGy. Remaining 37 incomplete questionnaires were not included in the final analysis. Conclusion?There are equal misconceptions regarding OCPs among users and prescribing physicians. Preference for OCPs in married and unmarried women is also equally low. OCP usage and their prescription practices can be improved by removing potential barriers, developing public–private partnership, and training promoters.

Improvement in semen parameters after varicocoelectomy

Background: Varicoceles are associated with abnormal sperm parameters. The difference is more marked in cases with infertility and higher grades of varicocele. Following ligation of varicocele, there is a significant improvement in the sperm counts.Methods: The study was conducted in the department of general surgery at Maulana Azad Medical College and associated Lok Nayak Hospital from September 2012 to April 2014. The study was conducted on 40 numbers of patients. These were divided into 2 groups, group 1 (n=20) constituted of patients with varicocele who are symptomatic. Group 2 (n=20) constituted of patients with varicocele who are asymptomatic (infertile). All patients were evaluated by clinical examination and Doppler to grade the varicocele. All patients underwent detailed semen analysis. Patients of both the groups underwent FNAC of bilateral testes. The patients with clinical or Doppler detectable varicocele were taken up for low ligation of varicocele. Patients were followed up and all above parameters were repeated about 3 months after surgery.Results: The sperm morphology, counts and motility increase significantly in group 2 patients and sperm counts and morphology increased significantly in group 1 while motility not increased significantly.Conclusions: Most of the patients who presented to us were in the age group of 25-35 years. Longer duration of disease in patient with infertility is also suggestive of the fact that varicocele is a progressive disease and leads to testicular dysfunction over time leading to infertility. Most of the varicoceles were either left sided or bilateral

Rheumatoid Arthritis is Associated with Higher Prevalence of Thyroid Abnormalities- A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: The relationship between thyroid abnormalities and rheumatoid arthritis is a debatable subject. Studies show a higher prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in patients with RA. It is widely observed that disorders with an autoimmune pathogenesis occur with increased frequency in patients with a history of another disease. RA is a systemic disorder that can affect any organ in the body, it could be speculated that abnormal thyroid functions are due to thyroid activity of the autoantibodies produced in this disease. Objectives:-Present study was doneto study the prevalence and correlation between Rheumatoid Arthritis and thyroid dysfunction; hypo as well as hyperthyroidism and to find whether thyroid disorders are found with increased frequency in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients as compared to general population. Methods: A cross sectional observational study was conducted on 50 patients of RA (diagnosed according to 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria) attending outdoor or admitted in wards at Rajindra hospital Patiala. Age and sex matched 50 persons from general population were taken as control group. These patients were evaluated for thyroid abnormalities using thyroid function test T3, T4, TSH. Results: Thyroid abnormalities were found among 28% cases of RA as compared to 8% among controls. Percentage of clinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and clinical hyperthyroidism in cases was 10%, 16%, 2% respectively. In controls percentage of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism observed was 2% and 6% respectively. Females with RA had two fold enhances prevalence of thyroid abnormalities as compared to males with RA (31.6% females and 16.7% males with RA had thyroid abnormalities). Conclusion: The asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic clinical course of thyroid diseases in RA patients may be masked by underlying disease, posing hazards of late diagnosis and treatment. So higher prevalence of thyroid abnormalities in RA patients in comparison to controls indicate the need for screening by thyroid function tests.

Prevalence of Developmental Anomalies of Teeth in a Group of Indian Children A Cross Sectional.

Introduction: Developmental anomalies of the tooth areroutinely encountered by paediatric dental professionalsand may present with esthetic and or functional problems.The reported literature has shown a wide variation in theprevalence of these conditions across the globe. Study aimedto assess the prevalence of various developmental anomaliesof tooth in a sample of Indian paediatric populationMaterial and Methods: A total of 3000 children in the agegroup of 6 to 13 years visiting the OPD of pedodontics andpreventive dentistry of BIDSH, Patna were examined clinicalyand radiologicaly when required and the data was tabulated.Descriptive statistics methods were used using SPSS.Results: Prevalence of dental anomalies was 4.86%.in thestudy population and Enamel hypoplasia, hypodontia andtalon's cusp were the most frequently encountered anomalies.The presence of developmental anomalies was a statisticalysignificant finding.Conclusion: Early detection of developmental anomaliesmay prevent future complications and eliminate the need forcomplex therapeutic intervention.

Awareness Regarding Practices Related to Infection Control among Dental Students in Patna City

Introduction: Cross infection control practice is essential toprotect both the patient and the dentist from blood and salivaborne infectious agents, including hepatitis B, C and HIV bydirect contact with contaminated instruments, fabrics and alsoby aerosols. Study aimed to assess the awareness regardingpractices related to infection control among dental student inPatna city.Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional studywhich was carried out in one of the dental teaching institutionsin Patna City. The subjects comprised of 180 dental students.The study subjects were third year; final year and Internstudents which were selected using convenience samplingtechnique. Their knowledge pertaining to infection controlpractices were assessed using a pretested self administeredquestionnaire. The questionnaire collected information onsocio demographic characteristics, and knowledge regardinginfection control practices. Data were analyzed using SPSSsoftware v20. Frequency distribution analysis and Chi sq testswere performed. p value<0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant.Results: The dental student had adequate knowledgeregarding personal protective measures and cross infectioncontrol but improvement was needed in areas of biomedicalwaste handling and disposal.Conclusion: A dental surgeon must take adequate protectionto prevent spread of harmful disease to self and other patients.Consequently inter-appointment disinfection of clinic surfacesis required to reduce the cross infection hazard.

Comparative Study of 3 Dimensional and Standard Miniplate in Management of Anterior Mandibular Fractures

Introduction: The aim of mandibular fracture treatment isto restore the pre-injury anatomic form and function, withparticular care to establish the occlusion. Of the varioustreatment modalities available, Champys miniplate fixation hasbecome the most widely used technique. The 3-dimensional(3D) plating for mandibular fracture treatment is relativelynew. This study was conducted to compare efficacy, stabilityand rigidity of 3-dimensional plates with that of 2mm titaniumminiplates in the surgical management of anterior mandibularfractures.Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 70patients with anterior mandbibular fractures (Symphysis andParasymphysis region). Patients were randomly divided intotwo groups, Group I (n=35) in which the patients underwentfixation by miniplates (2 nos) while in Group II (n=35), 3Dplates were used for fixation. The patients preoperative, intraoperative and post-operative clinical and radiological findingswere recorded in a proforma and were subjected to statisticalanalysis. Fisher’s Exact Test was used to compare the dataobtained from group I and group II patients.Results: Out of 70 patients, 77.14% corresponded to the agegroup of 15-30 years and 82.85% were males. Road trafficaccident (80) % was the leading cause of fracture. The timerequired to adapt and fix the miniplates was slightly more than3-D plates and results were statistically significant. Skeletaland occlusal stability was maintained in both group.Conclusion: There is no major difference in terms of treatmentoutcome in both systems, and both are equally effective inmandibular fracture treatment.

Prevalence of Tobacco and associated risk factors among university law students in Indore City

Introduction: Tobacco use is one of the major preventable causes of death and disability worldwide. The practice of law can be demanding and exceedingly stressful. Trends in tobacco use among young people are important to document because these findings will help inform the development of appropriate preventive intervention programs for youth. Aim: To assess prevalence of tobacco and associated risk factors among university law students in Indore city. Objective: To identify the strength of association related to tobacco consumption. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 278 law students in Indore city using convenient sampling technique. The data was collected using pre-tested close ended self-administered questionnaire. Frequency distribution analysis was performed. Bivariate analysis was done followed by logistic regression analysis. The level of significance for all the tests was set at P < 0.05. Results: The present study revealed that 32% of the study subjects consumed smoking tobacco as compared to 2.5% of smokeless tobacco. Nearly two-third of the law students consumed tobacco at public places 185 (66.5%) under the influence of friends. Only 18 (6.5%) study subjects tried to quit tobacco in the last 12 months whereas 65 (23.4%) of them never wanted to quit the habit of tobacco consumption. A bivariate analysis was performed to identify the risk factors related to tobacco consumption. It was found that male individuals (OR=2.04, P =0.004*) whose family members had the habit of tobacco consumption (OR=2.9, P =0.002*) were at a higher risk for consuming tobacco. The factors that became significant in bivariate analysis were then entered in logistic regression analysis [Enter method] to identify the strength of association. The individuals who had the habit of tobacco consumption among family members emerged as the strongest risk predictor leading to tobacco consumption amongst the students. Conclusion: The present study revealed that smoking form of tobacco consumption (cigarette- 32%) was more prevalent among the male study subjects under the influence of friends and with family members who had the habit of consuming tobacco at their place of residence.

Assessment of arterial stiffness in stable patients of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective case control study

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and represents a substantial socioeconomic burden. Co-morbidities are more in COPD patients. Cardiovascular disease is one of the co-morbid conditions in COPD. Arterial stiffness has a strong predictive value for cardiovascular events, which can be assessed non-invasively. Various predictors of arterial stiffness between stable COPD patients and healthy volunteers were measured and compared.Methods: COPD patients attending pulmonary medicine outpatient services were screened for enrolment. It was a prospective case control study with enrolment of fifty COPD stable cases and fifty healthy control, who were matched for their age and sex. All eligible participants were subjected to focused history and physical examination as per structured questionnaire, followed by spirometric examination, periscope test, arterial blood gas analysis and six- minute walk test (6MWT).Results: Increased arterial stiffness was observed in COPD patients over a wide range of severity of airway obstruction. Distance walked in 6MWT and spirometric values were significantly lower in COPD group as compared to healthy group.Conclusions: It was concluded that vascular changes, which are predictive of cardiovascular disease remain as cardiovascular risks in mild or early lung disease. A strong relationship between COPD, systemic inflammation, arterial stiffness and cardiovascular disease had been found which needs to be explored further. It was finally concluded that targeted therapeutic approach has broad aspect in reducing cardiovascular risks and has potential for improved prognosis in COPD.

Profile of pulmonary embolism in service personnel posted at high altitude area

Background We evaluated the clinical presentation and risk factors of pulmonary embolism (PE) in soldiers posted at high altitude areas (HAA). Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of all cases of PE presented to us between March 2011 and Aug 2014. The patients were serving at an altitude between 10,000 and 22,000 ft above sea level and PE was diagnosed using the pulmonary CT angiography. Screening for the deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and procoagulant conditions was done at presentation and after six months of treatment. The patients were managed as per the American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines and descriptive statistics were used to present the data. Results The patients (53 males) had a mean age of 33 ± 4.2 year and were serving at a mean altitude of 12,176 ± 448 feet (ranged between 10,000 and 20,500) at the onset of symptoms. Dyspnea (79%) and tachycardia (68%) were the commonest symptom and sign, respectively. D dimer was positive in 96.2% of the cases while nonspecific T inversion in the ECG was seen in 54.7% of the patients. Procoagulant work up revealed a hereditary thrombophilic condition in 9 out of 53 patients. A total of 44 cases were idiopathic and DVT of lower limb veins was seen in 2 patients. There was no mortality in our case series. Conclusion PE is a common complication of HAA and hereditary thrombophilia contributes in a minority of the patients. Further studies are needed to ascertain the risk factors of PE at HAA.

Customized Ocular Prosthesis: A Case Report

The eye is a vital organ and an important component of facial expression. Loss of an eye has a crippling effect on the psychology of the patient. Enucleation of the eye is therefore normally followed by fabrication of an ocular prosthesis to improve esthetics. This article describes a technique of rehabilitation of a patient with missing the left eye with custom-made ocular prosthesis

Analysis of chikungunya outbreak of 2016 in Rajasthan: a clinico-epidemiological study

Background: To describe the diversity of clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and outcome of chikungunya fever in patients attending SMS Hospital, Jaipur during the epidemic of 2016 (September to November).Methods: All cases of febrile illness with polyarthralgia/polyarthritis diagnosed as chikungunya were analyzed. Diagnosis was made by ELISA based IgM serology and RT PCR assay.Results: A total of 200 cases were studied. All of them presented with fever, severe crippling joint pain & tenderness, headache, anorexia and body rash. On examination, there was periarticular edema, erythema, and tenderness in joints with post auricular and cervical lymphadenopathy. Unusual manifestations were hyper pigmentation of face and forehead and scrotal ulcers. On investigations patient had leucopenia with elevated level of SGOT, SGPT with normal bilirubin levels. Other complications observed were encephalopathy, encephalitis, myocarditis and hepatitis. There was no mortality in this group.Conclusions: Chikungunya though prevalent is under-reported. The diagnostic certainty is mandated by presence of febrile transiently crippling polyarthragias / arthritis. On analyzing a large series, unusual clinical features may emerge

A complicated case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with symmetrical peripheral gangrene with a review of literature.

Malaria causes nearly one million deaths each year and with its recent re-emergence, several fatal complications are seen such as cerebral malaria, hypotension or shock, renal failure, pulmonary oedema/adult respiratory distress syndrome, and hypoglycaemia. Symmetric peripheral gangrene (SPG) is a severe but extremely rare complication of malaria. It has a rapid and sudden onset leading to necrosis which cannot be reversed. A 26 year old male was admitted and treated for complicated malaria and developed SPG. He was given intravenous artesunate, doxycyline, clopidogrel and acetyl salicyclic acid for the gangrene; however, he went into multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and septic shock and thus could not be resuscitated. We report this case to highlight that physicians treating malaria should always look for these signs for timely correction and to improve the patient outcome.

Assessment of relationship between oral health behavior, oral hygiene and gingival status of dental students.

Background: The behavior of oral health providers toward their own oral health reflects their understanding of the importance of preventive dental procedures and of improving the oral health of their target population. Aim: This study was done with an aim to assess the relationship between oral health behavior, oral hygiene and gingival status of third and final year dental students from a Dental College in Indore City, India. Methods: A total of 137 dental students participated in the study. The students were invited to complete the Hiroshima University‑Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU‑DBI) questionnaire. The HU‑DBI questionnaire consisted of twenty polar responses (agree/disagree) regarding oral health‑related behavior. In addition, two further questions about the frequency of brushing and flossing were included. Subsequently, oral health examination was conducted to assess plaque and gingival status. Data were analyzed using Chi‑square test, Independent sample t‑test, and Pearson’s correlation. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05. Result: The results showed that about 66.6% of the students checked their teeth in the mirror after brushing. Only 20.1% of the students reported bleeding from gums. The mean oral heath behavior score (HU‑DBI) was 6.47 ± 2.0. A negative correlation of HU‑DBI scores with plaque (r = −0.501) and gingival scores (r = −0.580) was observed. Conclusion: Thus, it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between the oral health behavior, oral hygiene, and gingival status of dental students. Dental students with better self‑reported oral health behavior had lower plaque and gingival scores indicating a better attitude toward oral health.

Association of Circulating Orexin-A Level With Metabolic Risk Factors in North Indian Pre Menopausal Women.

The present study was designed to investigate the association between circulating Orexin-A level with metabolic risk factors in North Indian adult women. 342 women were enrolled for the case-control study, 172 women were with metabolic syndrome (mets) and 170 healthy control women were without metabolic syndrome, (womets) according to (NCEP ATP III criteria). Circulating Orexin-A level was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Observations indicated low levels of orexin-A (26.06±6.09 ng/ml) in women with mets and other metabolic risk factors compared to women without metabolic syndrome (36.50±10.42 ng/ml). Further, in women with metabolic syndrome, circulating Orexin A was significantly associated with waist circumference, triglyceride (negative correlation) and hyperdensity lipoprotein (positive correlation). Our study shows that circulating Orexin A was found to be significantly associated with hyperlipidemia, obesity and obesity-related disorders in North Indian premenopausal women

Mandibular canine index: A reliable predictor for gender identification using study cast in Indian population.

Context: Various methods are used for gender identification in anthropologic and forensic investigations. The canine tooth is widely used for gender determination because of its sexual dimorphism and durability in the oral cavity. Mandibular canine index (MCI) is one of the most reliable and valid predictor for gender identification. Aim: To assess the reliability of MCI in gender determination in Indian population. Settings and Design: This was an experimental study involving the preparation of plaster models of 100 individuals residing in Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Of these 45 were males and 55 were females. Both sexes were in the age group of 20–30 years. Study casts were prepared for all individuals and the measurements of mandibular canine teeth were taken. The MCI was calculated using standardized equation. In addition, the percentage of sexual dimorphism was calculated. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent sample t‑test was used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) observed between inter‑canine distance, right and left canine width and right and left MCI between males and females. Sexual dimorphism is more on left permanent mandibular canine teeth than right permanent mandibular canine teeth. The overall percentage of accuracy observed was 85.5%. Conclusions: Study findings reveal that MCI can be used a reliable predictor for gender determination in Indian population and can form the basis of anthropologic and forensic investigations.